這11個古城蓋了高牆為了要抵擋敵軍，現在卻變成了最值得去的觀光景點。

在古代，要保護一個城市並不容易，有敵軍的威脅、天氣影響、外來者的入侵…等等。廣告1 最簡單的方式就是蓋一個障礙，來擋住敵軍，所以這些城市就發展出了高牆和護城河。幾千年下來，這個的格局還是保存著，直到今天，成為最美麗的城區。 1. 西班牙托萊多(Toledo,

September 13, 2014

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在古代，要保護一個城市並不容易，有敵軍的威脅、天氣影響、外來者的入侵…等等。

廣告1

最簡單的方式就是蓋一個障礙，來擋住敵軍，所以這些城市就發展出了高牆和護城河。幾千年下來，這個的格局還是保存著，直到今天，成為最美麗的城區。

1. 西班牙托萊多(Toledo, Spain)

Flickr/Nic McPhee

Toledo technically only has one wall, and that's because it's surrounded on three sides by the Tagus River, so it only needed protection on its landward side. Like many of the other cities here, Toledo has a rich past spanning Spain's Roman, Visigothic and Moorish periods.

Flickr/Nic McPhee

托萊多技術上來說只有一面牆，因為它的另外三側被太加斯河(Tagus River)環繞，所以它只需要防禦陸地那方。托萊多的歷史悠久，經歷包括羅馬人、摩爾人(Moorish )、西哥德人(Visigoth)等的時代。

廣告2

2. 葉門希巴姆(Shibam, Yemen)

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Shibam looks a lot like a modern city, and is referred to as the "Manhattan of the Desert." But don't let its looks fool you. These mud-brick highrises (well, 8 stories) date from the 1500s. It is located at what used to be a pivotal point on the spice and incense caravan route.

George Steinmetz via Damn Cool Pictures

希巴姆看起來像是個現代都市，也被成為「沙漠中的曼哈頓」(Manhattan of the Desert)，但不要被它外表給騙了，這些泥磚建築，可以追溯到1500年代，它剛好坐落於連結東西方的重要通道上。

3. 中國平遙縣(Pingyao, China)

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Pingyao, in the Shanxi province, has the distinction of being the world's best-preserved walled city. Its history goes back some 2,7000 years, and it's still bustling today with a population of 50,000. Because of the locations of its six massive gates, its layout resembles a turtle and has earned it the nickname "Turtle City."

Wikimedia Commons

平遙縣在山西省，有著世界上保存最完好的城牆。它的歷史可以追溯到大約2,700年前，而至今，它還是個5萬人熙熙攘攘的城市。因為六個大城門的位置，它的佈局很像一隻烏龜，所以也有「龜城」這個稱號。

4. 克羅埃西亞杜布羅夫尼克(Dubrovnik, Croatia)

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Dubrovnik is called the "Pearl of the Adriatic" and was for a long time the only Adriatic city that could rival Venice. Today it's a popular tourist destination, but when it was built in the Middle Ages (it was founded in the 7th century), it was a serious fortification. The walls on the landward side of the city measure four to six meters thick.

Wikimedia Commons

杜布羅夫尼克也被稱為「亞得里亞海明珠」(Pearl of the Adriatic)，曾經有很長一段時間是亞得里亞海上唯一的城市。它現在是個熱門的觀光景點，但當它在中世紀的時候(建於公元7世紀)，這是一個很防禦堡壘，在陸地側的城牆，有4到6公尺這麼厚。

5. 摩洛哥達魯丹(Taroudant, Morocco)

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Taroudant is known as the "Grandmother of Marrakech" because it was used in the 16th century as the Saadi dynasty's capital before Marrakech. The city's walls and mosque date to 1528, and today it boasts a number of Berber and Arab souks selling all kinds of goods.

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達魯丹被稱為「馬拉喀什的祖母」(Grandmother of Marrakech)，因為早在馬拉喀什之前，達魯丹在16世紀時就是薩阿迪王朝(Saadi)的首都。這個城市的城牆和清真寺可以追溯到1528年，而今天，它有很多柏柏人(Berber)和阿拉伯人的露天市場，販賣各種商品。

6. 挪威腓特烈斯塔(Fredrikstad, Norway)

The wall and moat surrounding Fredrikstad was meant to be temporary, a fortification during the Hannibal War of the 1640s to keep out Swedish forces. But they didn't seem to want to waste the effort, so they were left, making the city walled and moated to this day. And check out that cool star pattern the moats make.

Walled Towns

腓特烈斯塔的城牆和護城河原本只是暫時的，是在1640年代的漢尼拔戰役(Hannibal War)中用來抵禦瑞典軍隊。之後還是保存下來了，直到今天。護城河讓整個城市的格局呈現星型的樣子。

7. 義大利盧卡(Lucca, Italy)

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The Tuscan city of Lucca dates back to the time of the Etruscans, and later became a Roman colony. You can still see the Roman-style grid of streets today. Lucca flourished in the medieval and Renaissance periods, and became known as a center of Jewish culture. Despite expansion, its walls have remained intact, and today serve as a pedestrian promenade, and have been used for auto races in the past.

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盧卡托斯卡納城可以追溯到伊特魯里亞文明(Etruscan)的年代，後來變成羅馬的殖民，直到今天，你還是可以看到羅馬風格的網格街道。盧卡在中世紀和文藝復興時期很興盛，並成為猶太文化的中心。儘管城市已經擴張了，它的城牆還是保持完好，作為現在的行人長廊，也用於汽車比賽。

8. 法國卡爾卡松(Carcassonne, France)

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Carcassone has been occupied since about 3500 BCE, and has been home to Celts, Romans, Visigoths and Saracens. Despite its breathtaking beauty and history, it was left off Napoleon's list for national restorations and fell into disrepair, so much so that it was slated for demolition in 1849. But thanks to the uproar that ensued, it was saved, and restorations began in 1853, and they would go on for almost 60 years.

University of North Carolina

從公元前3,500年起，卡爾卡松就接續被凱爾特人(Celts)、羅馬人、西哥德人(Visigoths )、撒拉森人(Saracens)所佔領。儘管它美麗又有歷史，它卻沒有被拿破崙列入國家修復清單，結果年久失修，以致於它到1849年被列入拆遷。所幸當時吵得沸沸揚揚，所以才把它保存下來。這個古城在1853年開始修復，工程一路維持了60年。